Truth or Smoke?

Uncover some of the most common misconceptions surrounding the rapidly adopted practice of passive fire protection.

The Progression of Building Code Adoptions and Enforcement of Passive Fire Protection

Known for its rapid development and expansion, the landscape of construction is consistently introducing new applications and practices to the modern world. Currently, one of the popular conservations in this industry is the specification and implementation of various passive fire protection systems. With its rapid adoption, there have been some distortion around the practice of passive fire protection – ranging from the practice itself to its associated solutions.

With the lack of clarity about the practice of passive fire protection, a range of negative issues have arisen. From the inability to meet stringent lead times, gaining additional costs in both materials and labor, and jeopardizing the safety of our communities, the lack of correct procedures for passive fire protection has a high potential to be disastrous. To avoid these undesirable outcomes, Tenmat is ready to bust some of the most common myths of passive fire protection. So, let’s bring some clarification into the construction landscape.

Myth #1: If your solution has been fire-tested and -certified for two hours, this solution can be specified into a one-hour fire rated assembly.

False. This common misconception that a two-hour fire rated solution can be implemented into a one-hour fire rated assembly is one of the most confusing. So, why can’t a two-hour fire rated solution be used in a one-hour fire rated application? Well, it can be – BUT the solution needs to be tested and certified in both a one-hour AND two-hour fire rated assembly. When a solution is tested in a two-hour fire test, the solution relies on the composition of the two-hour assembly to provide resistance to the fire outbreak – meaning the solution and assembly cohesively work together to prevent the spread of a fire. Therefore, in the instance, you place a two-hour rated solution (without additional testing) into a one-hour fire rated assembly, there is a chance that the solution and assembly will not work cohesively together – increasing the chances of a failed passive fire protection system.

Myth #2: Given that a solution is composed of a known fire-resistant material, the entire solution automatically holds a fire-resistance rating.

Incorrect. Every fire-rated solution needs to undergo proper testing and certification from a third-party testing laboratory, such as UL and Intertek. Regardless of the solution being composed of noncombustible elements, such as metal, it does not mean that the solution will meet the requirements of the fire-resistance rated assembly. When a fire-resistance rating is granted, it does not only measure the individual components – but the overall performance of the entire assembly during an active fire outbreak.

Adding on to our previous point, fire-resistant assemblies are specifically tested in their ability to contain a fire outbreak while maintaining its structural integrity throughout this period. Therefore, ALL of the components within the system need to meet the performance standards – not just one of the components. Even if only one of the components don’t meet the fire testing standards – it has the ability to compromise the whole assembly.  Interested in seeing if your fire-rated solution has been properly tested and certified? Check out its listing at Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

Myth #3: On the condition that you specified an active fire protection system in your redevelopment or new construction project, you do not need any additional fire protection systems.

Inaccurate. Previously discussed in our blog, Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars, all three pillars of fire protection need to be present when specifying fire protection in construction projects. Whether it is the element of detection, control, or containment, each pillar is needed to fulfill the shortcomings of the other two pillars. With this system, it permits any errors arising if one portion of the system fails – allowing for true peace of mind.

Therefore, it is critical that your redevelopment or new construction job specifies the proper level of detection, passive fire protection and active fire protection. If you are interested in learning more about the three pillars, please read our previous blog here.

Myth #4: Passive fire protection systems are implemented in only Type V-A wood-frame structures.

Untrue. Passive fire protection can be found in a multitude of different building construction types and practices, such concrete K12 structures, high-rise steel infrastructures, Type V-A multifamily complexes, and so much more.  Therefore, it is safe to assume that a vast majority of building types require a certain level of passive fire protection. However, it is important to note that each passive fire protection solution/material is exclusively designed for a particular assembly. For example, a passive fire protection solution that has been designed to reinforce the integrity of a drywall ceiling in a Type V-A multifamily infrastructure might not fit the criteria for a through-penetration opening in a steel high-rise building, unless it is also tested for this application.   Furthermore, it is necessary to review your solution’s testing and design standards to ensure it is applicable for your desired construction type.

To help guide construction professionals on the correct pathway of selecting the appropriate passive fire protection systems, Tenmat has created various resource pages for some of the leading construction sectors. To access these resources, please visit here.

Myth #5: In the case, my fire-rated solution has accredited laboratory testing and certifications, it can be implemented into any application, regardless of the building structure or composition.

The previous statement is incorrect. In order for your fire-tested solution to meet the performance requirements of the designated fire-resistant assembly, it needs to have proper testing and certification for that particular assembly. For example, you wouldn’t have a painter working on the plumbing in your house. Therefore, to avoid this issue during construction, it is vital that you ensure your fire-rated product has been properly tested and certified in accordance with your desired assembly. For your convenience, you can review this information at either Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

All of Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Products and Materials Approved Assemblies can easily be located on each product page. If you are unable to locate these certifications, please feel free to contact us at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Fire Protection Myths Busted – Here’s What It Means for You.

In this article, we have seen how complex the world of passive fire protection is, with various myths and misconceptions floating around that can easily be misinterpreted.  As we debunked these misinterpretations, it is imperative that relaying on assumptions about fire-resistance ratings or overlooking the functionality of a passive fire protection system can lead to serious consequences, from increase construction costs to compromised life safety. However, we were able to clarify some of the most prevalent myths surrounding passive fire protection, and illustrate on why accurate testing, certification, and specifications are critical to protecting our present and future communities.

Understanding the demand for comprehensive fire protection is essential – not only do active systems, such as fire alarms and sprinklers play a role, but passive fire protection systems are just as vital in the containment and control of a fire outbreak. By shedding some light on these misconceptions, we hope construction experts are able to provide our communities with a full-proof fire protection system in our developing communities. For additional resources or questions, please feel free to contact our team at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

P.O.V. – Intumescent in Life Safety Applications

Installing intumescent materials for fire safety.

Intumescent products and materials have been in the market for several decades. An intumescent is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat or fire. Depending on the requirements of the application, the expansion rate can be up to 30 times the original size of the product. The pressure generated by the intumescent when expanding can be tailored for each application, but it can also easily crush plastic pipework. Once expanded, the intumescent product creates a tough and solid char, which can prevent the spread of fire, heat, and smoke for many hours.

Intumescent products have been a key component in applications such as fire door seals, pipe and penetration seals, and linear gap seals. Over the years, many of these products have been supplied to protect both buildings and their occupants, making them a trusted and widely approved firestop solution.

Intumescent products compared to traditional firestopping products

In the past, traditional firestopping products such as mineral fiber and sheet rock were the mainstay of the industry. When construction materials and practices were largely limited to just a few different options, they worked very well, as the basic construction materials—for example, brick and block—did not “move” much in the event of a fire. When a construction material does not “move” or deform in a fire, then a firestop which does not react can work perfectly well.

Today, buildings are constructed using a greater variety of materials, including masonry, timber, steel, metallic, and polymeric materials—all of which expand at different rates in a fire. Some degrade quickly, while others distort. When construction materials “move” in a fire situation, gaps are opened and shapes and sizes of penetrations change, which in turn, allow fire and smoke to pass through. In these situations, traditional firestop materials simply do not work well, as they do not respond to the changes taking place. In comparison, intumescent products react and expand to fill all the gaps and changes created by the fire, and therefore, can maintain a high-performance fire barrier for an extended duration. The key requirement of a good firestopping product is one which will fill, insulate, and seal all gaps in a building fire compartment as a fire develops and movement occurs.

Another reason for building movement is due to seismic activity. This often happens over time, before a fire occurs, and can cause gaps and cavities in the fire compartment to appear and grow in size. Traditional firestopping methods cannot usually seal such changes in construction, or they become dislodged or damaged, so the fire compartment is compromised long before any fire-related events. Intumescent firestopping products have been tested and shown to fill any large gaps and cavities present before a fire occurs.

A further benefit of intumescent products is their installation, which is generally simpler. Traditional firestops tend to require a great deal of skill and time to install correctly, as they often require combinations of both wet and dry processes. Intumescent products tend to be designed for the specific application, and the skilled parts of the product are incorporated at the factory in controlled conditions and not onsite.

Types of intumescent products

While it is a widely accepted opinion that intumescent products represent much safer solutions for many firestopping applications, it is not the whole story. All intumescent products are not created equally. Today’s products can be divided into two basic groups: dumb and smart intumescent materials.

Dumb intumescent materials

A dumb intumescent is typically a rubber-based material which is extruded or pressed into sheets, with no structure to the dispersion of the intumescent particles within the application. The main reason it is called “dumb” is because when it expands, it has no sense of direction and will expand in all directions equally. Additionally, if a random gap exists, it will flow through it as well, rather than in the direction required to stop the fire spread.

The only way to use such dumb intumescent materials successfully is to totally encase them in a fire-resistant canister or box, so the expansion can only occur in the direction required, and all other directions are sealed. A typical example of their use would be in fire collars, where the intumescent is contained within a steel shell around the pipe to direct the expansion inwards.

Another disadvantage of rubber-based intumescent is the high organic content, which means it creates a great deal of smoke in a fire situation—which can be dangerous for both occupants and firefighters alike.

 

Dumb intumescent materials are generally produced in high volume, with no particular design application in mind. These materials are then supplied to “convertors” who incorporate them into products, which must be encased, to make them work in the manner required.

Smart intumescent materials

Smart intumescent materials are very different because of the way they work. The materials are generally produced for a specific end application from the start of the production process. Smart intumescent materials can be fine-tuned to provide expansion in only the direction required for the application, and they can even be formed into the finished product shape.

Unlike other types of intumescent materials, smart ones do not use rubber as the basic matrix. Instead, they use mineral fibers, which are layered along with intumescent particles in the forming process to produce a multi-layered product. This structure allows accurate control of both the rate and direction of expansion.

Vacuum forming allows complex 3D shapes to be created while having full control over the direction of expansion.

Since smart intumescent materials have their expansion rate and direction inherently controlled at the factory, they do not require the same levels of encasement as dumb products, meaning the finished product design can be simplified in many ways regarding weight, cost, and ease of installation.

Another benefit of smart intumescent materials is they tend to have very low organic content, mainly due to their structure being of mineral fibers and not rubber. As a result, they produce very low smoke in a fire. Some smart materials are even classified as “low smoke zero halogen,” which is good news for building occupants and firefighters.

Conclusion

Building materials and construction techniques have changed significantly in recent years, and the materials used to firestop these buildings have not kept pace with these changes. This has been unfortunately demonstrated by a number of high-profile building fires. Traditional firestopping simply cannot cope with the building movement which occurs in a modern building fire. Therefore, intumescent materials must be considered, as they offer the required advancements in firestopping technology. However, it is important to remember not all intumescent materials are the same, and smart intumescent options offer different benefits compared to dumb intumescent options.

Ultimately, in the war against rapid fire spread in buildings, having the best weapons is good place to start.